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A |
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Abutment
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Used to counteract the horizontal thrust from a building element such as an arch, vault, roof. Usually constructed of masonry but can be timber or steel.
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| Architect |
A person who specializes in the design and procurement of buildings on behalf of clients. (In ancient Greece an architect was a Master Builder.) An architect in Australia must have a tertiary qualification, post graduate experience, have been approved after sitting exams with the Architects Registration Board and maintain current registration and professional indemnity insurance. In NSW an architect also has to complete 20 hours of continuing education each year to remain registered. A building designer or draftsperson does not require these qualifications, insurance, education or experience. Working With an Architect is an excellent publication published by the NSW Architects Registration Board. |
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| Architrave |
A bead that closes the gap between a window or door reveal and the internal wall lining. |
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| Arris |
Correctly the sharp edge produced by the meeting of two surfaces but the more recent meaning is the rounding of the sharp edge at the meeting of two surfaces. |
| Astragal |
Contemporary: A bracket which holds a downpipe securely in place. These can be made from metal bands or adjustable threaded rods. Traditionally: A decorative moulding, circular in section, often with bead and cotton reel decoration. |
Axonometric
drawing |
An orthographic drawing representing the third dimension showing plan and elevation in one drawing. The plan is turned at an angle, usually 45degs, and the walls are projects up off the plan to their true height. Diagonals and curves are distorted in axonometric. |
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B |
| Backing plate |
A plate for the fixing of a handle or knob to a door or for the fixing of a piece of general hardware. Backing plates can be oblong in a vertical direction or round for knobs. Backing plates can also have an opening for the protrusion of a lock key hole. |
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| Balustrade |
A vertical upstand which protects users of a building next to a vertical displacement between horizontal building surfaces or on the side of a stair. Balustrading is required to comply with the BCA and be stiff enough to withstand exerted pressure. Balustrade may have a handrail over. |
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| Barge |
The edge of a roof on an inclined plane often covered with a barge board. |
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| Barge step detail |
A decorative detail on a stepped barge. |
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| Building Contract |
A building contract is an agreement between an Owner and a Contractor for the construction of a building. A building contract contains documents that describe the extent and type of building required by the Owner to be constructed by the Contractor. The documents may contain among other things a written form of contract, drawings, and specifications. A contract administrator may be nominated to attend to issues within the Contract. An architect often undertakes the role of contract administrator. |
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C |
| CAD |
Computer aided drafting (design). Design and drawing on computers that can be stored on disks, printed, or sent by email to owners, engineers, councils and builders. There are various formats of file names but DWG, DXF, are read by most computer software programs. |
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| Cant |
A sloping wall or a sloping brick. |
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| Cantilever |
An overhang which is supported back from its outer edge. An extension of the cantilevered structure spans back to another support behind the support closest to the edge and is fixed securely at both support points. Cantilevers are used in eaves where roofs and rafters project beyond the walls of a building. Bridges can also cantilever beyond their supports. |
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| CC |
Construction Certificate. A Construction Certificate is required to be issued for certain types of building work under the Building Code of Australia (BCA). The issuing authority can be a Council or a qualified certifier and checks are made to see if the design and details comply with the BCA. |
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| CHS |
Circular hollow section of steel. Here holding up a roof |
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| Cleat |
A projection from a structure to act as an attachment for another structural element, usually made of steel. |
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| Close |
Dimensioning -To ensure the dimensions on one side of a plan are the same as on the other side of the plan, ie to make the dimensions close. |
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| Closer |
A spring mechanism to automatically close a door after it has been opened. These closers can be mounted on the door, on the wall above the door, below the edge of the door, or above the edge of the door. |
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| Collar Tie |
A horizontal structural member, either timber or steel, which ties pairs of rafters together to triangulate the forces and make a stable roof structure
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| Concrete |
Usually a mix of 6 parts sharp aggregate, 2 parts sand and 1 part cement combined with enough water to produce a stiff but workable mix. Concrete is often combined with steel to reinforce the mix and resist bending stresses. For concrete terms see the Readymix site http://www.readymix.com.au/Toolbox/Glossary/#G |
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| Context |
An important aspect in design is context. A building relates to its context either deliberately or accidentally. The context of roads, sun, topography, neighbours, vegetation, slope, etc all have an important bearing upon the design prepared by the architect. Some architects also choose to express qualities of the context in the design of the massing, materials, and decoration of a building clearly portraying the importance of context in design and a metaphor for our individual and collective part of all things. |
| Coping |
The top of a wall which protects the wall and is either flat or sloping and assists with the removal of water, eg a brick coping course made from bricks on edge or on end.
 Coping over balustrade wall with pedestal and post over. |
| Corbel |
Projecting masonry which may be used to support a beam or bearer. A corbel cantilevers out from the wall and must be restrained by the weight of the wall or a physical tie back.
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D |
| DA |
Development Application. Councils in NSW require an application to be made to Council for certain types of developments to check that the building and design comply with their plans and state objectives including Local Environment Plans (LEPs) and Development Control Plans (DCPs). |
| Drip Groove |
A groove under a building item, eg window or door sill or under a concrete soffit, towards the outer edge, which limits water blowing under. It stops some water and permits it to drip off limiting the amount of water hitting the connection between the item and the wall. A flashing must also be provided at the junction of the item and the wall. |
| DPC |
A damp proof course. This is a water impervious material that is placed at the bottom of a wall to stop water rising from the ground to enter a building. DPC are also used at the base of cavity walls to stop water entering a building from the outer layer of the wall. Similar to a flashing. DPCs have been specially made from slate, bitumen, bitumen coated metal sheet, and plastic. |
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E |
| Earth Construction |
Earth construction involves using earth to create a wall and/or floor and/or roof. Earth is either made into bricks in moulds or rammed into formwork to create the wall or other building structure. Materials are added to the earth to bind the material together. The binder can be either cement or vegetable matter (usually straw) depending upon the clay content of the soil. The more clay the less cement generally however the soil should be tested to determine what material is required to stabilize the composition. Walls can be either loadbearing or infill between loadbearing columns. Roofs can be laid as vaults (in a very dry climate only). Floors can be mixed with cow dung to make a hardish polished floor. In Australia large overhanging roofs are required to protect the earth walls from rain damage. DPCs are required. |
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| Eave |
The part of a roof overhanging a wall below. An eave can be lined with a soffit or be unlined with the underside of the roofing exposed. |
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| Elevation |
The orthographic, or true, 2 dimensional drawing of the side of a building. |
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| Entablature |
In Greek architecture, the upper part of an order including the architrave, cornice and frieze. |
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| Entasis |
A slight convex curve used on columns, towers and spires to correct the optical illusion of concavity with tall structures. Originally used on Greek columns as a refinement to design. In other words the columns or towers are curved out on their edges to counteract the apparent inward curve created by parallel lines. |
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| Escutcheon (plate) |
A metal plate surrounding where the key is placing into a lock. It is used to conceal the installation opening for the lock hole. |
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F |
| Fascia |
The edge of roof at the bottom of a downslope often covered with a fascia board. |
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| Field panel |
A panel in a door with framing around. The panel can be raised or flat and is set in rails and stiles. Field panels are usually timber. |
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| Ferrule |
A metal tube or channel to hold the end of a bolt, eg a footbolt and ferrule. A ferrule is fixed into the material which secures the bolt. |
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| Fire Hose Reel |
A fire hose reel is a structure for the support and use of hose for fire fighting purposes. Some fire hose reels are on drums and post mounted, wall mounted or placed in cabinets. Fire hose reels must be provided in accordance with building regulations and have special locations in and or around buildings. |
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| Fireplace |
The parts of a fireplace are described below:
Pot- The cap over the flue to limit rain entry to the flue.
Flue - A duct made from stainless steel or masonry for the emmission of combustion gases (smoke).
Chimney Tray- A metal tray above the roof line within the flue which catches water running down the inside of the flue and has weepholes letting the water out.
Smoke Shelf - A shelf above the firebox to assist the mixing of cold fresh air and combustion gases to create convection currents and sending the smoke up the flue.
Throat - The narrowing connecting space from the fireplace to the flue above the fireplace (a damper closes off the throat if required to stop cold draughts, birds, etc when the fire is not lit).
Fireplace - The space for the lighting of the fire which has to be in set geometries to achieve efficient combustion.
Hearth - The base of the fireplace upon which the fire is set. A hearth may be sunken or raised but should be wide enough to restrain any burning wood from rolling off.
Fire Grate - A metal grate which raised the fire to allow air around the wood to achieve quicker combustion.
The modern fireplace is based upon the essays of Count Rumford in 1796 and his diagrams.
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| Flashing |
An insert into a structure to seal the junction of different elements. Flashings must be used at the junction of windows and doors and walls and floors, at the junction of roofs and abutments like walls, and at other critical building junctions.
Apron Flashing - The lower part in a 2 part flashing that covers a roof or lower horizontal or sloping surface.
Cover Flashing - The top part in a 2 part flashing that covers the apron flashing.
Stepped flashing - Where an abutment (eg parapet wall) meets a sloping surface (eg roof) the cover flashing or a maleable 1 piece flashing sits in a horizontal mortar bed and dresses down onto the sloping surface or apron flashing below. The next lowest flashing sits in a course or 2 courses below and is dressed down to the sloping surface below. This progressively lower (or higher) flashing creates a stepped effect in the wall. See Chapter 11 of the Bluescope Steel Installation Manual located here
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| Flange |
(Structure) The structure restraining the vertical webs of trusses or timber or steel I beams. |
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| Footing |
The structure upon which a building sits. A footing can be built from reinforced concrete (typical), brick, or stone. The footing has to be designed to spread the building load over the soil foundation material and is sized to suit the strength of the soil under. Some countries other than Australia call a footing a foundation (eg NZ) but in Australia the structure on the soil is the footing and the soil under the footing is the foundation.
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G |
| Gable |
The upper section of wall created at the junction with a roof. Depending upon the shape of the roof the gable can have an angled, curved, stepped, truncated triangle or triangular shape. When the gable wall projects above the roof a parapet is formed and this can have different shapes including angles, curves or steps. Builders also call the ends of cabinets and stepped ceilings gables. |
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| Gablet |
A small gable created as decoration on another building element such as a buttress, or in or above a niche. |
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| Girt |
A horizontal framing member in a wall to support cladding and/or lining often made from light steel C or Z sections |
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| Grommet |
A device which separates one material from another, eg pipes from framing |
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H |
| Hawk |
A board with a handle used by a plasterer to pass mixed plaster to the trowel. |
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| Head |
The top of a door frame which a door closes against. |
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| Height Plane |
An imaginary plane created over blocks of land by Councils within which a building must fit to comply with Council massing shapes. Many but not all Councils project a line up from a boundary and then project a line at an angle above the line to create the height plane. |
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| Hip |
The inclined edge where two roof planes meet. The hip goes from the eave to the ridge.
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History of Architecture
(Brief discourse) |
Architectural Periods and Styles in the Western World
Prehistoric
? - c 600BC
Primitive shelters, rock structures (eg Stonehenge about 1500BC), huts, monoliths, etc.
Egyptian
c3000BC-100AD
Heavy stone architecture including solid post and beam structures, stone carvings, eg Sphinx 2600BC, and the Pyramids.
West Asiatic
c3000BC-331BC
Ziggurat temples, brick platforms, barrel vaults, domes, flat roofs, and walled enclosures near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia.
Greek
650-30BC
Temples built to the gods, acropoli, palaces, houses, amphitheatre, and games venues built primarily from stone.
Roman
300BC-AD365
Stone and brick buildings including the Pantheon, old Rome (the Forum), viaducts, roads, colosseum, bathhouses, villas, and temples.
Early Christian
313-800
Brick and stone churches, campanille, and cities.
Byzantine
330-1453
Capital of the Christian Empire in 330AD, brick and stone domes, churches, pendentives, columns and capitals, and onion top domes.
Romanesque
9th-12th Century
The Dark Ages after the Roman empire. Buildings used old Roman styles and parts, eg columns, stones, etc, and also used local materials including brick, stone, marble and terra cotta.
Gothic
12th-16th Century
Pointed arches, flying buttresses, traceried window and ribbed vault in churches and buildings of commerce made from stone, brick and marble. Symbolic carvings were used on arches, buttresses, gables, etc. Tall structures used stone to its extreme limit of structural capacity.
English Mediaeval
5th-16th Century
Brick and stone architecture developed from invading countries including Roman, Anglo Saxon, Norman, early English period, Decorated period, Perpendicular period (Richard II, Henry IV, etc). Vaulted arches, decoration, and symbolism abounded.
Scottish and Irish
12th-17th Century
Stone and slate cities, churches, castles, dry walling, towers, abbeys, oratories, etc.
Renaissance
15th-19th Century
Stone and brick and terra cotta buildings in neo classical styles with emphasis on Roman styling, columns, domes, porticos, symmetry, duality, the rise of the personalized artist and architect. Later Baroque periods became heavily decorated.
19th and 20th Century
Roman and Greek revival, modern period with minimalist detailing, arts and craft movement, dicatator styles of Italy and Germany, Bauhaus, American styles including Prairie and Organic, prefabrication, Californian Bungalow, international style, post modern, hippy eco conscious, etc. Materials included, brick, stone, reinforced concrete, timber, slate, tile, cement render, metal claddings, fibre cement, asbestos cement, wrought iron, glass, and terra cotta.
See also Banister Fletcher, "A History of Architectureon the Comparative Method, pub by the Athlone Press, University of London, for photos, diagrams, and detailed explaination of architectural styles and period. |
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| Hydrant |
A water connection for a fire fighting appliance, eg fire fighting trucks. Hydrants must be provided in accordance with building regulations and have special locations in and or around buildings. |
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I |
| Impost |
A projecting structure from the wall to take the end of an arch often built into the wall horizontally. |
| Impluvium |
A tank in the centre of an atrium (Roman residence) for the collection of water from the surrounding roofs. Roman houses focussed inwardly with rooms around courtyards and the atrium. |
| Inglenook |
A space beside a fireplace for a built in seat. |
| Intrados |
The underside or inner curve of an arch. This can be called a soffit. |
Isometric
Drawing |
An orthographic drawing representing the third dimension showing plan and elevation in one drawing. The plan is turned at an angle, usually 30degs, and the walls are projected up off the plan to their true height. Slightly more realistic than an axonometric. Diagonals and curves are distorted in isometric. |
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J |
| Jack Rafter |
The rafter that goes from the wall top plate to the inside angle of the junction of hip rafters and a ridge. Also called a Crown End rafter |
| Jamb |
The straight vertical part of a door frame that the door closes against, or, upon which it is hinged or contains the lock bolt hole and strike plate. |
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K |
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| Keeper |
The insert in a door jamb that holds the lock bolt. |
| Keystone |
In a masonry arch the centre stone is the keystone. This keystone is sometimes enlarged and decorated to emphasize its importance. |
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L |
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| Lite |
A glazed panel in a wall, window or door. |
| Lintel |
A beam of steel, stone or timber spanning an opening . |
| Loggia |
Structure placed beside a building or separate in a garden which is open on one or more sides. In Australia the loggia against the building is called a verandah. |
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M |
| Massing of Building |
Massing is a design term which relates to the arrangement of shapes. Different arrangements of shapes create different massing shapes. Some examples of massing are stepping back from the boundary massing, and vertical tower oblong shaped massing. |
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| Mews |
A stable with accommodation over at the back of a residence or row of residences fronting a lane. This type of building was common in London and many of these buildings have been converted into residential buildings. These buildings were also built in Australia and other parts of the world. |
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| Mullion |
Vertical division in a window. |
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N |
| Nails |
Brad - A small nail up to 30mm long with a small head for securing skirtings and trims.
Tack - A sharp pointed nail up to 30mm long for fixing board or felt
Clout - A small flat head nail usually up to 30mm in length.
Flat Head- A nail with a flat head to secure panels and timber cladding.
Jolt Head - a nail with a small end for punching below the timber surface.
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| Nave |
The central part of a church usually flanked by aisles and has the altar at its end. Usually the nave is in the western end of the church and is bounded by the vestibule and the crossing (transept). The chancel lies beyond the transept and is on the opposite side to the nave. |
| Newel |
The post at the end of a stair handrail or balustrade. |
| Nogging |
A piece of timber framing used to stiffen timber wall studs. Certain numbers of noggings are required depending upon the stud height. |
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O |
| Oculus |
A round window or the eye of a building, eg the opening at the top of the Pantheon dome in Rome. Also behind the alter of a church to view the eastern sun rise often decorated with stained glass. |
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| Orangery |
A greenhouse beside a building made from glass panels with tubs of citrus growing inside the greenhouse during winter. Usually in a cold climate an orangery allows citrus to be grown where if grown outside the trees would die. They are also used in warmer climates for aesthetic, climate tempering and outlook reasons. |
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| Orthographic |
An accurate drawing in 2 dimensions including plans, sections and elevations of an object including a building. The drawing is prepared to scale. As opposed to a perspective drawing which is an impression of a 3D image in 2D. |
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| Outrigger |
A structural element projecting out from a building to act as support, usually for a barge roof overhang. |
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P |
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| Pergola |
A structure beside a building or separate from a building with an open roof and exposed rafters, posts, beams and battens. |
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| PFC |
A parallel flanged channel steel structural section. |
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| Piers |
Vertical structures made from brick, concrete, block, stone, timber or steel which support floor structures over. An engaged pier is a pier bonded to a wall. An isolated pier is separate from a wall. |
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| Plan |
A section cut through a building horizontally usually just above window sill height showing the 2 dimensional arrangement of rooms, doors, walls, structure, furniture, etc. Architects use plans when designing to arrange spaces for the efficient and ordered arrangement of spaces for movement, light, view, sun control, furniture placement, etc. |
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| Plumb Line and Level |
The process of making a building element 90deg vertical (Plumb), line up with other surrounding objects in the compositions (Line) and horizontal to the earth (Level) |
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Potable
(water) |
LL potabilis drinkable. Potable water is required for mixing with many cement based building materials. |
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| Purlin |
Structural roof supporting members which run perpendicular to the fall of the roof. |
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Q |
| Quirk |
A small offset between 2 meeting surfaces, eg the architrave setback from the edge of the door or window jamb. Also a sharp V-shaped incision in a moulding. |
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| Quoins |
Differentiated detail in masonry at corners, usually protruding from the face of the main work. The size varies in courses of masonry with small unit on large unit on small unit in alternate courses. |
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R |
| Rafter |
Timber roof framing members. Rafters may span from top plate to top plate of walls, valleys and hips to walls or ridges to valleys or hips. Different types include creeper rafters, jack rafters, crippled rafters, hip rafters, valley rafters, barge rafters, and verge rafters. Rafters are sized by architects to suit roof loads, snow loads, live loads and wind conditions. |
| Rampart |
An encircling wall around a building, fortress or castle usually made from stone or earth for defence. |
| Reveal |
The lining placed between the door jamb or window frame and the architrave often timber but can also be stone, brick, or plasterboard. |
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| RHS |
Rectangular hollow section of steel. |
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| Ridge |
The top horizontal edge of a gable or hip roof. A ridge board is piece of timber used for joining rafters and distributing roof loads. |
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| RL |
(Surveying) Literally reduced level. The surveyor sets out heights on a site drawing showing the heights in relation to a datum. The datum point can be an assumed datum of say 100m in height or a reference to the standard Australian Height Datum (AHD) which is a nominated height above sea level. |
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S |
| Scotia |
A scotia mould has concave rebate between parallel surfaces. (Other types of moulding include quad, square, shadowline, etc) |
| Section |
An orthographic 2 dimensional drawing of a building cut through the building at a nominated point. The section is usually of the elevation of the elements but can be also of a plan part of the building. |
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| Sense of Place |
A quality of design where the building and/or space achieves a sensory, emotional and spiritual connection to the site in which it is placed. This comes from the skill of the architect in understanding the qualities of the site including its climate, access and features. |
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| Sill |
The base of a door or window frame against or over which a door or window closes. It can also be the structure below the window or door, eg brick, that the window sill sits upon and angles the water away. |
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| Skirting |
A trim at the base of a wall to conceal the junction of wall and floor. |
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| Snib |
A turning device usually on the inside of a door to engage or disengage the lock without a key. |
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| Soffit |
(Pronounced Soffeet) The cladding under the eave of a roof overhang. |
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| Stile |
The vertical sides of a door which either contain the hinges or the lock/latch which close agains a door jamb. |
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| Stainless steel |
A modified (nickel added) steel which resists staining and corrosion. Used for structural steel, metalwork including balustrading, screws, wires, brackets, etc. There are many grades of stainless steel including 304 and 316. 304 grade is often used internally and 316 grade is often used externally. Stainless steel will still get tea staining when used externally. This staining can be removed by careful abrasive cleaners and the surface protected for a time with common baby oil. |
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| Stair |
A structure arranged in vertical ascending steps for transitioning vertical parts of buildings. The steps are called treads and the vertical distance between treads is called a riser. The sides of a stair are called stringers. A handrail and/or balustrade is arranged either side of the stair. |
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| Stonework |
Stonework is masonry construction made from either natural or cut stones. There are different types of stone masonry including: Random Rubble where uncut stones of different sizes are fitted together well but in a random pattern; Coursed Rubble where uncut stones of different sizes are fitted together in rough courses (straightish beds); Mozaic where uncut or cut stones are fitted together well in a pattern; Random Ashlar is where cut stones are fitted together neatly but not in rows; Coursed Ashlar is where cut stones are neatly laid together in rows with horizontal beds. In all cases the mason lays the stones so that no vertical joins aligns the vertical join below and is offset by an ideal of half a stone's width. |
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Stretcher
Bond
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A style of laying bricks so that the perp of the brick above sits in the middle of the brick below and the pattern repeats. This brick bond creates a blended distribution of vertical wall force. |
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| Striker plate |
Also know as the strike. The plate surround the bolt hole for locks and latches. The striker plate is cut into the door jamb as protection for the timber and to stop forced entry to the bolt. |
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| Strut |
A diagonal structural element which supports a covering or awning or other structural element, usually made from timber or steel. |
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| Stud |
The vertical structure in wall either timber or steel. |
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| Swarf |
Debris and filings left from working with steel eg when laying metal roofing. Swarf should be removed immediately. |
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T |
| Tactile Indicator |
A tile or paver made from vinyl, ceramic tile, rubber, stainless steel, or concrete which is placed before a stair or ramp to indicate to a disabled person of the proximity of the vertical change in height of the floor or path. |
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| Transept |
The intersecting space in a cross plan shaped church. The transept intersects the nave and separates the chancel. It can also be further east than the intersection of the chancel and the nave in Romanesque and Gothic Chirstian churches. The transept creates a cross shape in plan and symbolizes the fixed point of the person in the temporal sphere and also the point of ascension in the heavenly (vertical)direction. |
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| Top plate |
The top structural member in a wall frame either timber or steel. |
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| Transom |
A horizontal piece of timber, steel, aluminium or stone across a window, opening or door. Often the top frame of a door separating a highlight from the door is called a transom. |
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| Trombe Wall |
A trombe wall is a perpendicular structure with a high thermal mass to store or trap heat. It faces the sun and can be opened in summer to expel heat like a solar chimney or in winter the warmed air is allowed to enter a building. Walls are often made of thick masonry, concrete, and water filled receptacles with glass and an air gap on the outside of the masonry. |
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| Truss |
An engineered framework of wood or metal structural members used to support or stiffen a roof, bridge etc. A trussed roof will support the roof and ceiling, without the need for loadbearing internal walls.
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U |
| UB |
A universal steel beam which comes in various sized and thickness configured in an I shape with the web longer than the flanges. |
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| UC |
A universal steel column which comes in various sizes and thicknesses configure in an I shape with the web the same length as the flanges. |
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V |
| Valley |
Roofing - Where the fall of 2 roofs from different directions meet and connect by a v shaped gutter to the eave gutter. |
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| Verge |
Roofing - The top edge of a roof at the top of the slope often covered by a verge board.
Roads - The edge of a road.
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W |
| Wainscot |
Timber lining to walls often with battening over panels. |
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| Wall Tie |
A metal wire or strap which ties masonry to a support frame. The support can be made from masonry, timber or steel. Brick veneer uses wall ties to tie bricke to the structural timber frame. Wall ties are also used in double leaf masonry work to tie the leaves of masonry together to ensure the wall works structurally in composite. |
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| Web |
(Structure) The vertical stiffening member in a truss or I section in steel or timber |
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| Weephole |
An opening at the bottom of an external skin of masonry which allows water to escape from the cavity. Some masonry such as brickwork is porous and allows water to enter the wall so when it hits the flashing at the bottom of the wall the water passes out through the evenly spaced weepholes. Weepholes can be open perpends in brickwork or round holes through rendered brickwork or other shapes as required. |
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Yorkshire
Lights
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Two windows, one fixed and one horizontal slider, in a mullioned window |
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Z |
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Reference: 1. John Fleming, Hugh Honour and Nikolaus Pevsner, The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture (Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books). |
